国际足总（FIFA红腾网配资，国际足联）确认沙特阿拉伯主办2034年男子世界杯——尽管该国多年来因其人权和环境记录而面临审查——这将是足球管理机构有史以来采取的最具争议的举措之一。
然而，尽管许多批评人士会对这一未来感到沮丧，但考虑到沙特阿拉伯对体育前所未有的投资所带来的影响力，很少有人会感到惊讶。
那么，这项赛事是用来帮助改变沙特阿拉伯的声誉，还是可以成为社会改革的催化剂？这对我们更广泛地了解国际足联和足球有何启示？
在此，探讨了几个关键问题。
为什么这是一场加冕礼，而不是一场竞赛？
沙特世界杯的举办将在周三下午国际足联大会的线上会议中正式宣布。
但一年多来，这个宣告似乎只是一种形式。
2023年10月，在唯一的另一个潜在候选国澳大利亚决定不参加竞争后，沙特阿拉伯的申办将不会受到任何反对，这也意味着留给国际足联的时间不多，在一个月里提出挑战是一个不现实的事情。
展开剩余97%国际足联为加速流程进行了辩护，许多人认为该流程缺乏透明度和问责制。但批评人士认为，该法案规定2030年世界杯将在三大洲举办（西班牙、葡萄牙和摩洛哥是共同主办国，前三场比赛在南美举行），这实际上为沙特阿拉伯铺平了道路。这意味着根据其轮换政策，2034年仅考虑来自亚洲和大洋洲的申办。
值得注意的是，沙特阿拉伯和国际足联在主席因凡蒂诺（Gianni Infantino）的领导下建立了密切的关系。该国主办了国际足联2023年俱乐部世界杯，该管理机构与沙特国有石油巨头沙特阿拉伯国家石油公司（Aramco）签订了利润丰厚的赞助协议。
人们也普遍猜测，沙特阿拉伯公共投资基金（PIF）可能会对串流媒体巨头DAZN进行重大投资，DAZN已同意转播因凡蒂诺的心爱项目，即明年夏天扩大的俱乐部世界杯首届赛事。
上个月，国际足联深夜发布了由因凡蒂诺的副秘书长马蒂亚斯·格拉夫斯特罗姆（Mattias Grafstrom）撰写的评估报告，这进一步增强了沙特阿拉伯申办的可能。该投标的平均得分为4.2分（满分5分），为有史以来最高分。
没有召开媒体会议来解释如此炽热的评估，也没有对申办方的人权“中等风险”问题作解释；同样，也没有对环境保护“低风险”的事实作解释，以上种种引发了活动人士的愤怒。
此外，由于批准书预计将在大会上以鼓掌方式确认，而不是传统的投票，任何持不同意见的国家协会表达反对的唯一方式就是在鼓掌时弃权。
尽管具体的协议尚不清楚，但有人建议，应要求各协会同时表示支持西班牙、葡萄牙和摩洛哥2030年的申办，以及沙特2034年的申办（而不是分别表示支持）。
同时，国际足联可以辩称，透过无争议的申办来指定东道主比过去更可取，因为各国之间的长期竞赛可能很容易发生投票交换和腐败，而且作为一个全球机构，他们有责任将其旗舰赛事带到新的阶段。
Saudi Arabia's bid will be officially announced during a virtual meeting of FIFA's congress on Wednesday afternoon.
But for more than a year, the announcement seemed a formality.
Saudi Arabia's bid will not face any opposition in October 2023 after the only other potential candidate, Australia, decided not to compete, which also means that FIFA has little time left to make a challenge in a month.
FIFA has defended the accelerated process, which many believe lacks transparency and accountability. But critics believe that the bill stipulates that the 2030 World Cup will be held on three continents (Spain, Portugal and Morocco are co-hosts, and the first three games will be held in South America), which actually paves the way for Saudi Arabia. This means that only bids from Asia and Oceania will be considered in 2034 under its rotation policy.
It is worth noting that Saudi Arabia and FIFA have established a close relationship under the leadership of President Gianni Infantino. The country hosts FIFA’s 2023 Club World Cup, and the governing body has a lucrative sponsorship deal with Saudi state oil giant Aramco.
Speculation is also rife that Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund (PIF) could make a significant investment in streaming giant DAZN, which has agreed to broadcast Infantino’s pet project, the inaugural edition of the expanded Club World Cup next summer.
Saudi Arabia’s bid was further bolstered last month by the late-night release by FIFA of an assessment written by Infantino’s deputy secretary general, Mattias Grafstrom. The bid received an average score of 4.2 out of 5, its highest ever.
No media conference was held to explain the blazing assessment, or the “medium risk” to the bid for human rights, or the “low risk” for environmental protection, sparking outrage among activists.
Furthermore, since the ratification is expected to be confirmed by acclamation at the congress, rather than a traditional vote, the only way for any dissenting national association to voice their opposition is to abstain from acclamation.
While the exact protocol is unclear, it has been suggested that associations should be asked to express support for Spain, Portugal and Morocco's bids for 2030, and Saudi Arabia's bid for 2034, simultaneously (rather than separately).
Meanwhile, FIFA could argue that designating hosts through uncontested bids is preferable to the past, as long-running competitions between nations can be prone to vote swapping and corruption, and as a global body they have a responsibility to take their flagship event to the next level.
其他国家怎么说？
挪威足联表示将投弃权票，认为申办过程“破坏了国际足联自身的善治改革”，并“挑战人们对国际足联的信任”。它补充说，国际足联的尽职调查准则没有得到遵守，“增加了侵犯人权的风险”。
西欧以外的大多数联合会都将支持沙特阿拉伯的申办。德国足协表示，“认真对待申请国的批评…...（但）我们的目标是与国际足联合作，在未来几年改善这种情况”。
英足总尚未宣布将采取什么立场，尽管BBC体育频道获悉，一些高级官员虽然意识到人权问题，但如果英足总不支持沙特阿拉伯却又希望英格兰参加，他们会担心被指控虚伪。
大多数审查都来自这项运动之外。今年三月，《卫报》表示，已发现证据显示沙特阿拉伯有大量孟加拉移工不明原因死亡。该国捍卫了自己的法规和标准，但国际足联面临压力，要求在颁发世界杯之前确保做出具有约束力的改革承诺。
10月，作为申办检查程序的一部分，一家大型律师事务所的沙特分部向国际足联提交了一份独立报告，该报告受到人权组织的谴责，原因是该报告忽视了对移民工人虐待的指控。
上个月，国际特赦组织敦促国际足联停止申办过程，“以避免本已严峻的局势进一步恶化”，并警告说，如果沙特世界杯取消，“球迷将面临歧视，居民将被强行驱逐，移民工人将面临剥削，许多人将死亡”。
沙特在足球界日益增长的影响力遭到了一些人的反对。例如，10月份，100多名职业女子足球员签署了一封公开信，敦促国际足联放弃沙特阿拉伯国家石油公司的赞助商身份，称这个行为像“对肚子上来了一拳重击”。
但其他人担心，许多球员不愿发声是因为担心危及他们在沙特阿拉伯职业联赛的利益，当政府准备与沙特阿拉伯做生意时，足球员很难表明立场。例如，本周，英国首相凯尔·斯塔默（Keir Starmer）访问了该国以加强经济联系。
The Norwegian Football Association said it would abstain from the vote红腾网配资, arguing that the bid process “undermines FIFA’s own good governance reforms” and “challenges trust in FIFA”. It added that FIFA’s due diligence guidelines had not been followed, “increasing the risk of human rights violations”.
Most confederations outside western Europe will support Saudi Arabia’s bid. The German Football Association said it “takes the applicant country’s criticism seriously … [but] our aim is to work with FIFA to improve the situation in the coming years”.
The English Football Association has not yet announced what position it will take, although BBC Sport has learned that some senior officials, while aware of human rights issues, would fear being accused of hypocrisy if the FA did not support Saudi Arabia but wanted England to participate.
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Most of the scrutiny has come from outside the sport. In March, the Guardian said it had found evidence of a large number of unexplained deaths of Bangladeshi migrant workers in Saudi Arabia. The country has defended its regulations and standards, but FIFA is under pressure to secure binding reform commitments before awarding the World Cup.
In October, the Saudi branch of a major law firm submitted an independent report to FIFA as part of the bid review process, which was condemned by human rights groups for ignoring allegations of abuse of migrant workers.
Last month, Amnesty International urged FIFA to halt the bid process "to avoid further deterioration of an already dire situation", warning that if the Saudi World Cup is cancelled, "fans will face discrimination, residents will be forcibly evicted, migrant workers will face exploitation and many will die".
Saudi Arabia's growing influence in football has been opposed by some. For example, in October, more than 100 professional women's football players signed an open letter urging FIFA to drop Saudi Aramco as a sponsor, calling the move "a punch in the stomach".
But others worry that many players are reluctant to speak out for fear of jeopardizing their interests in Saudi Arabia's professional league, and it is difficult for football players to take a stand when the government is ready to do business with Saudi Arabia. For example, this week, British Prime Minister Keir Starmer visited the country to strengthen economic ties.
沙特世界杯会是什么样子？
据沙特阿拉伯足协称，这场赛事将是“非凡的”。其竞标提议在五个主办城市建造共15个体育场（包括三个正在建设中的体育场和八个尚未开工的体育场），其中包括一个尚未建成的体育场（Neon城的未来发展项目）。
国际足联的评估报告赞扬了“一系列令人印象深刻的体育场馆，这些体育场馆在建造或翻新后可以提供最先进的基础设施”。
赛事几乎肯定会在冬季举行。但这与2022年11月至12月在其邻国卡塔尔举行的世界杯之间可能存在重大差异。
国际足联注意到夏季气温“可能超过40摄氏度”，并表示沙特2034世界杯的“赛事时间安排风险较高”，并提到必须应对“气候条件”和“宗教活动”，这也导致人们猜测该活动可能会从一月初开始举行，以避免与斋月发生冲突。
根据巴勒斯坦通讯社报道，英超联赛和其他欧洲顶级联赛将反对举行冬季世界杯。
According to the Saudi Arabian Football Association, the tournament will be "extraordinary". Its bid proposes a total of 15 stadiums (three under construction and eight yet to be built) across five host cities, including one yet to be built (a future development in Neon City).
FIFA's assessment praised the "impressive array of stadiums that, when built or refurbished, could offer state-of-the-art infrastructure".
The tournament will almost certainly be held in winter. But there could be major differences between this and the World Cup in neighbouring Qatar in November-December 2022.
Noting that summer temperatures "could exceed 40 degrees Celsius", FIFA said Saudi Arabia's 2034 World Cup "presents a high scheduling risk", citing the need to deal with "climatic conditions" and "religious events", which has led to speculation that the event could be held from early January to avoid a conflict with Ramadan.
According to the Palestinian News Agency, the Premier League and other top European leagues will oppose a winter World Cup.
这说明沙特阿拉伯的体育影响力如何？
对许多人来说，沙特阿拉伯世界杯的批准将最终体现该国目前在体育界的影响力，以及随之而来的机会、破坏和争议。
自2021年以来，沙特阿拉伯已投资数十亿英镑举办活动，该国事实上的统治者——王储将其作为其“2030 年愿景”经济现代化和多元化战略的关键部分。此后，该国主办了一级方程式赛车、西班牙和义大利杯足球决赛、世俱杯以及顶级拳击、高尔夫、赛马和网球比赛。
该国公共投资基金还推出了独立的LIV高尔夫系列赛、控制了四个沙特职业联赛俱乐部并收购了纽卡斯尔联队。
同时，丹麦非政府组织“玩游戏”（Play the Game）最近的一份报告显示，沙特阿拉伯已经签署了900多项赞助协议，并与足球协会达成了数十项正式协议，以扩大其在体育领域的影响力。
但举办世界杯将把沙特阿拉伯的运动革命提升到一个完全不同的水平，甚至可能为未来申办奥运铺平道路。
For many, Saudi Arabia’s approval of the World Cup will be the ultimate reflection of the country’s current influence in the world of sport, and the opportunities, disruptions and controversies that come with it.
Since 2021, Saudi Arabia has invested billions of pounds in hosting events, with the country’s de facto ruler, the Crown Prince, making it a key part of his Vision 2030 strategy to modernise and diversify the economy. The country has since hosted Formula One, the Spanish and Italian Cup football finals, the Club World Cup and top boxing, golf, horse racing and tennis tournaments.
The country’s Public Investment Fund has also launched the independent LIV Golf Series, taken control of four Saudi Pro League clubs and acquired Newcastle United.
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Meanwhile, a recent report by Danish NGO Play the Game revealed that Saudi Arabia has signed more than 900 sponsorship deals and dozens of formal agreements with football associations to expand its influence in the sporting sphere.
But hosting the World Cup would take Saudi Arabia’s sporting revolution to an entirely different level, and could even pave the way for a future Olympic bid.
这是体育公关吗？
许多批评者认为这是国际足联历史上最大的体育洗白行为，世界杯被用来帮助改善一个多年来因以下问题而受到批评的国家的形象：
侵犯人权 对妇女的镇压 将同性恋定为刑事犯罪 言论自由的限制 继续使用死刑 2018 年记者贾迈勒·卡舒吉（Jamal Khashoggi）谋杀案 网路异议活动人士被监禁 该国卷入也门的血腥冲突虽然活动人士承认近年来发生了重要的改革，例如在妇女权利方面的改革，但他们也指出，多种形式的镇压仍在继续。
沙特阿拉伯于2023年处决了世界上第三多的囚犯，今年已有300人被处决，这是根据官方数据创下的纪录。今年，马纳赫尔·奥泰比（Manahel al-Otaibi）被判处11年监禁，此前她利用社交媒体呼吁终止女性结婚或旅行需要男性亲属许可的规定。
竞选组织“缓刑”（Reprieve）表示：“这是世界上最残暴的独裁政权之一，花费大量资金来塑造虚假形象，以分散人们对日益恶化的镇压和国家暴力的注意力。一些被处决或目前面临死刑的人曾是异见抗议者，他们所做的事情并不比携带少量大麻更严重。”
“计划在2034年前往沙特阿拉伯的球迷应该意识到，在这个国家红腾网配资，行使我们在民主社会中视为理所当然的自由可能会导致你丧命。”
沙特当局坚称，他们的申办旨在实现经济多元化，促进旅游业发展，成为现代化和改革的催化剂，并激励年轻人更加活跃。
去年，沙特体育部长阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·本·图尔基·费萨尔亲王（Abdulaziz bin Turki Al Faisal）捍卫了该国主办世界杯的权利，并告诉我有关体育洗白的说法是“肤浅的”。
他补充说：“我们已经举办了超过85场全球赛事，并且提供了最高水准的赛事。我们希望透过体育吸引全世界......任何国家都有改进的空间，没有人是完美的。我们承认这一点和这些赛事帮助我们进行改革，为每个人创造更美好的未来。”
沙特阿拉伯女性在2018年才被允许进入体育场馆观看比赛，但自那以后职业女子足球联赛设立，国家女子足球队成立，目前有超过7万名女孩定期参加比赛。
然而，去年，英国唯一公开同性恋身份的现役男性职业足球员杰克·丹尼尔斯（Jake Daniels）告诉BBC，他在沙特阿拉伯世界杯上“不会感到安全”。
当我问他会对担心参加活动是否安全的女性和同性恋粉丝说些什么时，阿卜杜勒阿齐兹亲王说“欢迎所有人”。
Many critics see it as the biggest sporting whitewashing in FIFA's history, with the World Cup being used to help improve the image of a country that has been criticized for years for:
Human rights violations
Repression of women
Criminalization of homosexuality
Restrictions on free speech
Continued use of the death penalty
2018 murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi
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Jailing of online dissidents
The country's involvement in the bloody conflict in Yemen
While activists acknowledge that important reforms have taken place in recent years, such as on women's rights, they also point out that multiple forms of repression continue.
Saudi Arabia executed the third-most prisoners in the world in 2023, with 300 people executed this year, a record according to official data. This year, Manahel al-Otaibi was sentenced to 11 years in prison after she used social media to call for an end to rules that require women to get married or travel with permission from a male relative.
“This is one of the world’s most brutal dictatorships, spending vast sums to create a false image to distract from worsening repression and state violence,” said campaign group Reprieve. “Some of those executed or currently facing the death penalty were former dissident protesters who did nothing more serious than carrying small amounts of cannabis.”
“Fans planning to travel to Saudi Arabia in 2034 should be aware that this is a country where exercising the freedoms we take for granted in a democratic society could cost you your life.”
Saudi authorities insist their bid aims to diversify the economy, boost tourism, serve as a catalyst for modernisation and reform, and inspire young people to be more active.
Last year, Saudi Sports Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Turki Al Faisal defended the country’s right to host the World Cup and told me that claims of sports laundering were “superficial”.
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He added: “We have hosted over 85 global events and we deliver at the highest level. We want to engage the world through sport… There is room for improvement in any country and no one is perfect. We acknowledge that and these events help us reform and create a better future for everyone.”
Women in Saudi Arabia were only allowed into stadiums to watch matches in 2018, but since then a professional women’s football league has been set up, a national women’s football team has been formed and more than 70,000 girls now regularly attend matches.
However, last year, Jake Daniels, Britain’s only openly gay active male professional footballer, told the BBC that he “would not feel safe” at the World Cup in Saudi Arabia.
When I asked what he would say to women and gay fans who were concerned about whether it was safe to attend the event, Prince Abdulaziz said “everyone is welcome”.
沙特2034世界杯会带来改变吗？
许多人认为，虽然卡塔尔举办了一届安全、令人难忘的世界杯，让许多球迷享受到了这一盛况，但多年来因人权、歧视性法律以及第一届冬季世界杯对足球赛程造成重大干扰而给世界杯蒙上阴影的争议现在可能会重演。
早在2010年，卡塔尔就在2022年主办国投票中出人意料地获胜，令当时的国际足联领导层大吃一惊。相较之下，因凡蒂诺似乎支持沙特阿拉伯举办世界杯的想法。随着国际足联于2017年引入人权政策，其决定以及任何表明其导致工人受到不利影响的证据可能会受到更多审查。
与卡塔尔一样，沙特阿拉伯世界杯基础设施将主要由来自南亚的移民工人建造，该国居住着超过1,300万外国人，所需的建设规模不可避免地引发担忧。
国际足联自己的报告得出的结论是，“从2010年到2022年，卡塔尔最终确实对一些与世界杯有关的工人造成了一些严重的人权影响。其中包括：死亡、受伤和疾病；数月没有支付工资；巨大的债务......如果説国际足联促成了某些影响，这样的说法也是成立的。”
卡塔尔世界杯筹备期间伴随的媒体审查可能导致了劳工改革的出台，尽管活动人士对实施情况提出了担忧，并对国际足联没有按照其报告中的关键建议采取行动并支付费用感到愤怒，工人也并没有得到应有的劳动经济补偿。
去年，阿卜杜勒阿齐兹亲王向我保证，卡塔尔的工人权利问题不会重演，他说：“我们有10年的时间来解决这个问题，我们已经在很多地方开始了工作，所以我们有很长的时间来做这件事。”
然而，国际足联在其沙特阿拉伯评估报告中提到“需要进一步进行法律改革和......有效执行的领域，否则工作条件不体面的风险可能会增加”。
国际足联赞扬沙特阿拉伯政府“承诺在比赛中尊重、保护和实现国际公认的人权，包括安全保障、劳工权利、儿童权利、性别平等和非歧视以及言论自由等领域”。
但在多元化和反歧视方面，其报告也“指出了执行相关国际标准的差距和保留意见”。尽管如此，国际足联声称“该赛事具有良好的潜力，可以成为一些正在进行和未来改革的催化剂，并为积极的人权成果做出贡献”。
国际特赦组织表示，评估结果是：“对该国残暴的人权记录进行了令人震惊的粉饰。沙特阿拉伯迫切需要进行根本性的人权改革，否则2034年世界杯将不可避免地因剥削、歧视和镇压而蒙上污点。”
活动团体“平等广场”（Fair Square）则对此表示，国际足联的举动可谓“登峰造极”。
Many believe that while Qatar hosted a safe, memorable World Cup that many fans enjoyed, the controversy that has overshadowed the tournament for years over human rights, discriminatory laws and the major disruption to the football calendar caused by the first winter World Cup may now recur.
Back in 2010, Qatar surprised FIFA’s leadership at the time with its unexpected victory in the 2022 host vote. Infantino, by contrast, appeared to support the idea of Saudi Arabia hosting the World Cup. With FIFA introducing a human rights policy in 2017, its decisions and any evidence that it resulted in workers being adversely affected are likely to come under greater scrutiny.
As with Qatar, Saudi Arabia’s World Cup infrastructure will be built largely by migrant workers from South Asia, and with more than 13 million foreigners living in the country, the scale of construction required inevitably raises concerns.
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FIFA’s own report concluded that “between 2010 and 2022, Qatar did end up with some serious human rights impacts on some workers associated with the World Cup. These included: deaths, injuries and illness; months of unpaid wages; huge debts… If FIFA contributed to some of these impacts, that is a valid argument.”
The media scrutiny that accompanied the run-up to the World Cup in Qatar may have led to the introduction of labor reforms, although activists have raised concerns about implementation and anger that FIFA has not acted on and paid for key recommendations in its report, and that workers have not received the financial compensation they deserve for their labor.
Last year, Prince Abdulaziz assured me that Qatar’s workers’ rights problems would not repeat themselves, saying: “We have 10 years to fix this problem, and we have already started work in many places, so we have a long time to do this.”
However, FIFA mentioned in its Saudi Arabia assessment report “areas that require further legal reform and…effective enforcement, otherwise the risk of indecent working conditions may increase.”
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FIFA praised the Saudi Arabian government for its "commitment to respect, protect and fulfil internationally recognised human rights at the tournament, including in the areas of safety and security, labour rights, children's rights, gender equality and non-discrimination, and freedom of expression".
But its report also "identified gaps and reservations in the implementation of relevant international standards" in terms of diversity and anti-discrimination. Nevertheless, FIFA claimed that "the tournament has good potential to be a catalyst for ongoing and future reforms and contribute to positive human rights outcomes".
Amnesty International said the assessment was "a shocking whitewash of the country's atrocious human rights record. Saudi Arabia urgently needs to make fundamental human rights reforms, otherwise the 2034 World Cup will inevitably be tainted by exploitation, discrimination and repression."
Activist group Fair Square said FIFA's move was "over the top".
环境问题呢？
活动人士长期以来一直指责世界最大的石油出口国透过其化石燃料工业加剧气候变化，并阻碍气候行动。
但现在他们也对承办48支球队参与的赛事影响表示了严重担忧，指出冷却系统、海水淡化和碳密集型基础设施项目都需要能源的参与。
沙特阿拉伯政府表示，它正在摆脱化石燃料，并努力减少排放，并驳斥了有关沙特阿拉伯利用体育运动来分散人们对其永续发展记录的批评。
国际足联的世界杯评估报告称，“虽然施工规模会对环境产生重大影响，但此次申办为采取缓解措施以应对一些与环境相关的挑战提供了良好的基础。”
去年，关于FIFA曾声称的卡塔尔世界杯是“首届完全碳中和的世界杯”，瑞士监管机构裁定这是不可靠的声明，FIFA的名声也因此受损。
此外，卡塔尔当时建造了7个新体育场，而沙特阿拉伯正在建造的是11个新体育场，此外，还有4个需要翻新。卡塔尔总共举行了64场比赛，但沙特阿拉伯在2034年或将有104场比赛，因此对环境的影响可能更大。
Activists have long accused the world’s largest oil exporter of exacerbating climate change through its fossil fuel industry and hindering climate action.
But now they have also raised serious concerns about the impact of hosting the 48-team tournament, pointing to energy requirements for cooling systems, desalination and carbon-intensive infrastructure projects.
The Saudi government says it is moving away from fossil fuels and working to reduce emissions, and has rejected criticism that Saudi Arabia is using sport to distract from its sustainability record.
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FIFA’s World Cup review said “while the scale of construction will have significant environmental impacts, the bid provides a good basis for mitigation measures to address some of the challenges associated with the environment.”
FIFA’s reputation was also damaged last year when Swiss regulators ruled that its claim that the Qatar World Cup was “the first completely carbon-neutral World Cup” was unreliable.
In addition, Qatar built seven new stadiums, while Saudi Arabia is building 11 new stadiums, and four more need to be renovated. Qatar has staged 64 races in total, but Saudi Arabia could have 104 races by 2034, so the environmental impact is likely to be greater.
这些信息告诉了我们什么？
沙特世界杯凸显了体育力量倒向中东的转变。
直到最近，小国卡塔尔和邻国沙特阿拉伯在短短12年内相继主办世界杯的想法对许多人来说还是不可想像的。但考虑到这些国家的财富以及体育机构对金融成长和新市场的渴望，这种情况现在就会发生。
沙特阿拉伯可以说，它远不是近年来唯一有争议的大型体育赛事的主办国。过去二十年，俄罗斯举办过世界杯和奥运，中国也曾主办夏季奥运和冬季奥运。
与卡塔尔的情况一样，在2030年世界杯共同主办国摩洛哥，同性关系也是非法的。环保人士对2030年世界杯在三大洲举办的情况表示失望。
然而，其他人则担心，沙特阿拉伯周三获得的掌声将意味着体育界对人权和永续发展的承诺遭受毁灭性失败，并让世界足球的负责人陷入低谷。
沙特当局和国际足联现在有接下来十年的时间去试图说服那些觉得这个国家不适合举办世界杯的怀疑者红腾网配资，并且这项运动的旗舰赛事并没有受到污染。
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